Secondary Cycle 1 History and Citizenship Education

On Commerce and the Perfect Merchan

April 22, 2025

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Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto - On Commerce and the Perfect Merchant (by Benedetto Cotrugli). Text sample from first page: TO THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS AND MAGNANIMOUS M. GIACOMO RAGAZZONIIt has now been more than 110 years since M. Bened...

Bill of Exchange from Bruges

April 22, 2025

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Bill of Exchange from Bruges on 23 September 1438. Transcription (detected):"S'io non pago di qui ad ... / pagamento sarà fatto in Londra ... / di Giovanni di ... / a favore di ... / alla somma di ... / scritto a Bruges, il 23 settembre 1438."Tr...

Feast of Saint-George

April 22, 2025

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"Gillis Mostaert was a contemporary of Pieter Brueghel the Elder and painted according to his tradition. The Feast of St George is a good example of this. This fair was held in the week of the Feast of St George and was extremely popular for many ye...

Market Scene on the Village Square

April 22, 2025

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Market Scene by Gillis Mostaert in 1579. Gillis Mostaert the Elder (27 or 28 November 1528 – 28 December 1598) was a Flemish Renaissance painter and draughtsman active in Antwerp in the second half of the 16th century. ...

Town scene from The Life of Charlemagne

April 22, 2025

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Town scene from prologue page of The Life of Charlemagne. Transcript of text (detected): "Prologue of the author: The deeds of the ancients should be willingly read, studied, and increasingly remembered, for they can be of value and serve as a g...

Wiismania from Civitates orbis terrarium – Wismar, Germany

April 22, 2025

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The title at the top reads "WIIS MARIA," which suggests the city depicted is likely Wismar, a historic Hanseatic city in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea. The depiction of the Baltic Sea (Maris Baltici), confirms a coastal location. ...

Cantigas de Santa María, Códice rico. – Father took son to field.

April 22, 2025

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Image from the Cantigas de Santa María, Códice rico. CLXXVIII, with text "The farmer took his son to the field, who did not know about death." "Illuminated manuscript: parchment, natural pigments, gold leaf and brushed gold." "The Cantig...

Charter of Saint-Quentin

April 2, 2025

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These are the regulations concerning the charges and tolls of the arches, compositions, and various shares that the town of Saint-Quentin possesses by the will and memory of the Kings of France and the Archbishop. This charter is permanently given b...

A letter from Margaret of Constantinople

April 2, 2025

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A letter from Margaret of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders (1256, October 13). “However, customs will be observed by our merchants of Flanders in Holland and Zeeland, namely these: That if any merchant of Flanders, passing through the land ...

The Dutch Proverbs

February 7, 2025

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The Dutch Proverbs by Pieter Bruegel the Elder: "The picture brings together 100 proverbs and places them in surroundings that are as real as the people's behaviour, revealed in terse and apposite form by the wise sayings. The individual scenes are ...